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Guide to Combating Corruption & Fraud in Infrastructure Development Projects
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Detection
Complaints
General initial interview questions
How to Generate Complaints and Reports
List of fraud reporting sites for Multilateral Development Banks
Red Flags
Red Flags Listed by Project Cycle
“Visible red flags” of Implementation Fraud
Proactive Fraud Detection Tests
Due Diligence
“Top Five” Due Diligence Background Checks
Free and Subscription Internet Sites
Local and On-Site Due Diligence Checks
Due Diligence Service Providers
Proof
Proving Common Schemes
Corruption Schemes
Bid Rigging Schemes
Collusive Bidding Schemes
Fraud Schemes
The Basic Steps of a Complex Fraud and Corruption Investigation
Elements of Proof for Sanctionable Offenses
Elements of Proof of Corrupt Practices
Elements of Proof of Obstructive Practices
Elements of Proof of Coercive Practices
Elements of Proof of Collusive Practices
Elements of Proof of Fraudulent Practices
Evidence
The Basics of Evidence for Investigators
Prevention
Anti-fraud Resources
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Proof
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Case Examples
Case Examples
Case Examples of Bribes and Kickbacks
Case Examples of Collusive Bidding by Contractors
Case Example of Unbalanced Bidding
Case Examples of Hidden Interests
Case Example of Unjustified Sole Source Awards
Case Example of Split Purchases
Case Example of Rigged Specifications
Case Example of Product Substitution
Case Example of Manipulation of Bids
Case Example of Leaking Bid Information
Case Example of Fictitious Contractor
Case Example of False Statements and Claims
Case Example of False, Inflated and Duplicate Invoices
Case Example of Failure to Meet Contract Specifications
Case Example of Excluding Qualified Bidders
Case Example of Change Order Abuse