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Guide to Combating Corruption & Fraud in Infrastructure Development Projects
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Detection
Complaints
General initial interview questions
How to Generate Complaints and Reports
List of fraud reporting sites for Multilateral Development Banks
Red Flags
Red Flags Listed by Project Cycle
“Visible red flags” of Implementation Fraud
Proactive Fraud Detection Tests
Due Diligence
“Top Five” Due Diligence Background Checks
Free and Subscription Internet Sites
Local and On-Site Due Diligence Checks
Due Diligence Service Providers
Proof
Proving Common Schemes
Corruption Schemes
Bid Rigging Schemes
Collusive Bidding Schemes
Fraud Schemes
The Basic Steps of a Complex Fraud and Corruption Investigation
Elements of Proof for Sanctionable Offenses
Elements of Proof of Corrupt Practices
Elements of Proof of Obstructive Practices
Elements of Proof of Coercive Practices
Elements of Proof of Collusive Practices
Elements of Proof of Fraudulent Practices
Evidence
The Basics of Evidence for Investigators
Prevention
Anti-fraud Resources
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Proof
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Most Common Schemes
Most Common Schemes
Bid Rigging Schemes
Collusive Bidding Schemes
Corruption Schemes
Fraud Schemes
Financial Investigation of the Subject
Potential Scheme: Bribes and Kickbacks
Potential Scheme: Leaking of Bid Information
Potential Scheme: False Statements and Claims
Potential Scheme: Fictitious Contractor (Phantom Vendor)
Potential Scheme: False, Inflated and Duplicate Invoices
Potential Scheme: Change Order Abuse
Potential Scheme: Failure to Meet Contract Specifications
Potential Scheme: Product Substitution
Potential Scheme: Split Purchases
Potential Schemes: Hidden Interests (Conflicts of Interest)
Potential Scheme: Rigged Specifications
Potential Scheme: Unbalanced Bidding
Potential Scheme: Manipulation of Bids
Potential Scheme: Excluding Qualified Bidders
Potential Scheme: Unjustified Sole Source Awards