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Guide to Combating Corruption & Fraud in Infrastructure Development Projects

  • Detection
    • Complaints
      • General initial interview questions
      • How to Generate Complaints and Reports
      • List of fraud reporting sites for Multilateral Development Banks
    • Red Flags
      • Red Flags Listed by Project Cycle
      • “Visible red flags” of Implementation Fraud
      • Proactive Fraud Detection Tests
    • Due Diligence
      • “Top Five” Due Diligence Background Checks
      • Free and Subscription Internet Sites
      • Local and On-Site Due Diligence Checks
      • Due Diligence Service Providers
  • Proof
    • Proving Common Schemes
      • Corruption Schemes
      • Bid Rigging Schemes
      • Collusive Bidding Schemes
      • Fraud Schemes
      • The Basic Steps of a Complex Fraud and Corruption Investigation
    • Elements of Proof for Sanctionable Offenses
      • Elements of Proof of Corrupt Practices
      • Elements of Proof of Obstructive Practices
      • Elements of Proof of Coercive Practices
      • Elements of Proof of Collusive Practices
      • Elements of Proof of Fraudulent Practices
  • Evidence
    • The Basics of Evidence for Investigators
  • Prevention
    • Anti-fraud Resources
Home » Detection » Red Flags of Corruption, Bid Rigging and Other Schemes » Red Flag: Questionable Contract Amendments (Change Orders)

Red Flag: Questionable Contract Amendments (Change Orders)

Questionable contract amendments, or “change orders,” include those that:

  • Increase the value of a contract without adequate justification or documentation;
  • Improperly increase the price of a sole source contract award above the sole source threshold;
  • Promptly follow a low bid award, making the contract price higher than other bid prices;
  • Are disproportionately approved for certain contractors, i.e., certain contractors receive multiple questionable change orders when others do not.

Questionable change orders are commonly used to fund bribe payments.

This red flag can indicate the following schemes:

  • Change order abuse
  • Corruption

Click on the schemes listed above to see more information on each scheme, a more complete listing of their red flags and steps to determine if the schemes are actually present.

Category: Red Flags of Corruption, Bid Rigging and Other Schemes

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