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Guide to Combating Corruption & Fraud in Infrastructure Development Projects
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Detection
Complaints
General initial interview questions
How to Generate Complaints and Reports
List of fraud reporting sites for Multilateral Development Banks
Red Flags
Red Flags Listed by Project Cycle
“Visible red flags” of Implementation Fraud
Proactive Fraud Detection Tests
Due Diligence
“Top Five” Due Diligence Background Checks
Free and Subscription Internet Sites
Local and On-Site Due Diligence Checks
Due Diligence Service Providers
Proof
Proving Common Schemes
Corruption Schemes
Bid Rigging Schemes
Collusive Bidding Schemes
Fraud Schemes
The Basic Steps of a Complex Fraud and Corruption Investigation
Elements of Proof for Sanctionable Offenses
Elements of Proof of Corrupt Practices
Elements of Proof of Obstructive Practices
Elements of Proof of Coercive Practices
Elements of Proof of Collusive Practices
Elements of Proof of Fraudulent Practices
Evidence
The Basics of Evidence for Investigators
Prevention
Anti-fraud Resources
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Proof
Proof
The Basic Steps of a Complex Fraud and Corruption Investigation
Gifts Travel and Entertainment (GTE) to Corruptly Influence
How to Interview a Cooperative Witness
The Very Basic Basics of Money Laundering
How to Prove Illicit Payments in Cash
How to Prove Illicit Payments from the Point of Receipt
How to Prove Illicit Payments from the Point of Payment
The Basics of Evidence for Fraud and Corruption Investigators
Bid Rigging Schemes
Collusive Bidding Schemes
Corruption Schemes
Fraud Schemes
Financial Investigation of the Subject
Case Examples of Bribes and Kickbacks
Secrecy Jurisdictions
Case Examples of Collusive Bidding by Contractors
Case Example of Unbalanced Bidding
Case Examples of Hidden Interests
Case Example of Unjustified Sole Source Awards
Case Example of Split Purchases
Case Example of Rigged Specifications
Case Example of Product Substitution
Case Example of Manipulation of Bids
Case Example of Leaking Bid Information
Case Example of Fictitious Contractor
Case Example of False Statements and Claims
Case Example of False, Inflated and Duplicate Invoices
Case Example of Failure to Meet Contract Specifications
Case Example of Excluding Qualified Bidders
Case Example of Change Order Abuse
Potential Scheme: Bribes and Kickbacks
Potential Scheme: Leaking of Bid Information
Step One: Begin The Case
Step Two: Evaluate the Allegations or Indicators
Step Three: Due Diligence Background Checks
Step Four: Complete the Internal Investigation
Step Five: Check for Predication and Get Organized
Step Six: Begin the External Investigation
Step Seven: Prove Illicit Payments
Step Eight: Obtain the Cooperation of an Inside Witness
Step Nine: Interview the Primary Subject
Step Ten: Prepare the Final Report
Potential Scheme: False Statements and Claims
Potential Scheme: Fictitious Contractor (Phantom Vendor)
Potential Scheme: False, Inflated and Duplicate Invoices
Potential Scheme: Change Order Abuse
Potential Scheme: Failure to Meet Contract Specifications
Potential Scheme: Product Substitution
Potential Scheme: Split Purchases
Potential Schemes: Hidden Interests (Conflicts of Interest)
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